Genomic DNA samples extracted from blood stains from 484 lineage members from North Chinese Han population were genotyped with TYPERX19 kit. In a total of 5 652 allele transmissions, 8 mutations were detected from 6 different markers including DXS6810, DXS8378, DXS6797, DXS7423, DXS7424, DXS8377 through the 484 lineage members, the mutation rate of DXS6810 and DXS8377 was 0.006 4, the mutation rate of DXS8378, DXS6797, DXS7423 and DXS7424 was 0.003 2. No mutation was found in the other 12 markers. The average mutation rate across all 18 XSTR markers was 0.001 4. All mutations were with single step. There were no significant differences between mutation rates of different XSTR loci (P＞0.05). The losses and gains were balanced at all loci. Mutation rates were correlated with the lengths of the alleles. Alleles with higher number of repeats were more likely to mutate. The origins of the mutation are mostly from the fathers.

In the past knowledge, CXCL12/CXCR4 axis played a role in chemotaxis and cell migration. Yet studies in the last few years showed that its function also involves cell proliferation, differentiation, stem cells homing, inflammation, immunoregulation and other life processes. In many types of tumor, CXCR4 is highly expressed, and contributes significantly to metastasis of these types of tumor. With respect to stem cells homing, the expressions of CXCR4 in all kinds of mesenchymal stem cells are generally low, by overexpressing CXCR4 in mesenchymal stem cells via certain virus vectors and then transplanting them to mammal models of injuries and inflammatory diseases, the researchers achieved satisfactory results, which received great attention. In terms of immunoregulation, researchers discovered that CXCL12/CXCR4 axis is also involved in. Here in this article, the new functions of CXCL12/CXCR4 axis are reviewed.

Lens-free microscopic technology utilizes Gaborbased inline holographic optical path to capture the interference images generated by illuminating lights through the microsamples, with the help of an area array detector but without any imaging lenses. It is a digital microscopic imaging technology which uses a digitalpictureprocessing method to reconstruct image for the sake of acquiring information from these microsamples. The shrinkage of equivalent pixel elements achieved by pixel superresolution gives more highfrequency information and, further, it promotes the resolution of reconstruction directly. Meanwhile, multiple phase recovery arithmetic tools make the same contributions to resolution indirectly by eliminating the twinimages, especially to the dense samples. Moreover, such technology breaks the limitation in spatial bandwidth product, comparing to the classical optics microscopes, which leads to the highresolution imaging in a larger field of view (FOV). Therefore, it can provide powerful supports for rapidly diagnosing samples with a big field of view in clinical application and examination in the case of resource shortage. Additionally, the booming algorithm with optimizing hardwares renders impetus in datasampling and computing effects, expanding the applications on specimens moving in high speed and on a nanometer scale. The developing tendency of lensfree technology and its matched hard devices are to become compacted both arithmetically and volumetrically. Ultimately, the realtime, three dimensional, colorfullyimaging, portable and separated devices with highresolution can be manufactured.

The human coronavirus disease COVID-19, caused by the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China, spread rapidly in China and more than 70 countries globally in just  over 2 months. Due to its high morbidity and mortality rate, human beings are under great threat. Some scientists have promptly conducted indepth researches on the source and evolution of SARS-CoV-2, morphological characteristics and gene structure, molecular mechanisms of infection and pathogenicity. Significant progress has been made, providing an important basis for scientific prevention and control of COVID-19. According to the current research progress, the article puts forward the ideas for the development of COVID19 virus vaccines, antibodies and inhibitors, which has certain reference value for the study of the core technology in COVID19 prevention and control.

In order to provide reference for the researchers and technologies on how to use the Laser scanning confocal microscope efficiently, taking a set of Laser confocal laser scanning microscope (the model is TCSSP8) which was produced by Leica corporation in Germany as an example, a lot of suggestions and introdutctions about function, principle, structure, use of sofeware, instrumental management, experimental technology and  analysis of common problems in use were disserted in this paper

Abstract: Drug resistance remains the key factor that results in the high mortality of lung cancer patients. Therefore, it is very important to explore the mechanisms underlying the lung cancer drug resistance by establishing a third-generation molecular targeting drug-resistant cell line of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This study successfully established an Osimertinib-resistant cell line, HCC827OR, based on HCC827 cell line through combining the methods of intermittent high-dose selection and concentration-increasing. Cytotoxicity of Osimertinib against cancer cells was firstly evaluated through using the CCK8 assay kit, and resistance index (RI) was used to evaluate the sensitivity of cancer cells to Osimertinib; morphological changes of the cancers cells before and after acquiring drug resistance were stained and imaged using an optical microscopy. Western blot was used to detect the expression level of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and its downstream signaling proteins; mutation of EGFR was measured through using the next generation sequencing (NGS); cell cycle and scratch assays were performed to evaluate cell proliferation and migration ability. The RI of HCC827OR was calculated to be 18.65, demonstrating that HCC827OR was Osimertinib-resistant cells. Compared with the wild-type cells, Osimertinib-resistant cells showed a greater karyoplasmic ratio. Additionally, reduced expression of the p-EGFR and increased expression of cell proliferation-associated p-AKT indicated that the HCC827OR probably acquired the Osimertinib-resistant character through a non-EGFR-dependent signaling pathway. Meanwhile, flow cytometry and scratch assay results demonstrated that HCC827OR cells have significant G2/M cycle arrest and enhanced migration ability in comparison with the HCC827. This study successfully established an Osimertinib-resistant NSCLC cell line, and tentatively demonstrated the acquisition of drug-resistant characteristics by the HCC827OR through a non-EGFR-dependent pathway, thus providing an important in vitro model for lung cancer drug-resistance research.
Key words: Osimertinib; non-small cell lung cancer cell; epidermal growth factor receptor; drug resistance; drug resistance mechanism
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2022, 31(6): 518-525）

Mitogenactivated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade played critical roles in plant growth, development and in response to various environmental stresses.  A classical plant MAPK cascade was composed of three functionally linked conserved components:MAPKKK,MAPKK and MAPK.  The MAPKKKs were firstly autophosphorylated once the external stimuli were perceived by a membrane receptor.  MAPKK and MAPK were activated by phosphorylation in turn, and then the external stimuli signals were transmitted into cells to regulate the expression of target genes.  Numerous studies revealed that MAPK cascade were involved in transduction of signals including plant hormones, biotic and abiotic stresses.  Here, this paper summarized the recent progresses on the functions of MAPK cascade system in plant disease resistance, in order to provide the theoretical basis for further investigation on MAPK cascade mechanisms of signal transduction involved in plant disease resistance.

Abstract: The biological synthesis pathways of salicylic acid (SA) include the shikimic acid pathway with phenylalanine as precursor and the isochorismate (IC) pathway, and the latter is the main pathway for SA synthesis. In bacteria, SA is generated directly from isochorismate under the enzymatic action of the IPL, which is not yet found in plants. The latest research proves that avrPphB susceptible 3 (PBS3) is the key factor in the conversion of IC into SA in plants, and reveals that the role of the enhanced disease susceptibility 5 (EDS5) as a transporter and the acyl transferase encoded by enhanced pseudomonas sensitiveity Ⅰcan act as an isochorismoyl-glutamate A pyruvoyl lyase in SA synthesis. This article reviews the latest research progress of SA synthesis pathway and its regulatory factors in plants, and further reveals its complex network and regulatory mechanism, so as to realize the comprehensive coordination between the timely induction of SA to plant resistance and the fine regulation of growth and development.
Key words: plants; SA synthetic pathway; shikimic acid; isochorismate; regulatory factors
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2021, 30(1): 022-029）

Abstract: All the living organisms can synthesize various fatty acids, which exist in different carbon chain length, configurations and biological functions. These fatty acids are involved in many important physiological activities including anabolism, energy metabolism, and signal transduction. The living organisms are also capable of degrading and utilizing fatty acids via different oxidative pathways and β-oxidation is one of the most important oxidative pathways in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Research in the model organism Escherichia coli has provided the most complete view of fatty acids β-oxidation. In this review, the progress of fatty acids β-oxidation in E. coli and other bacterial species were summarized. By taking the phytopathogen Xanthomonas as an example, this review then introduced the oxidation pathway and regulation mechanism of the diffusible signaling factor (DSF)-family quorum sensing signal (mid-chain unsaturated fatty acids). Based on current results, the specific enzymes required for β-oxidation of very-long-chain fatty acids, 3-methyl-fatty acids, Δ2/Δ3-unsaturated fatty acids, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were proposed. Finally, the key scientific questions to be answered in this field were prospected. This review provides a solid foundation for further study of fatty acid β-oxidation pathway and the underlying mechanisms of bacterial pathogenicity.
Key words: bacteria; fatty acid; β-oxidation; DSF-family quorum sensing signal; bacterial pathogenicity
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2021, 30(6): 494-504）

Eighty four patients with cafeaulait were treated with Qswitched 532 nm or 755 nm laser randomly by our center. The clinical efficacy was assessed. 36 patients were treated with Qswitched 532 nm laser, 10 patients were completely cured (27.8%), 10 patients were significantly improved (27.8%), 8 improved (22.2%) and 8 invalid (22.2%); 48 patients were treated with Qswitched 755 nm laser, 14 patients were cured completely (29.2%), 13 patients were significantly improved (27.1%), 11 improved (22.9%) and 10 invalid (20.8%). Of the 84 patients, total effective rate is 78.6%. After 6 months of followup, 9 patients appeared pigmentation, 3 patients appeared hypopigmentation and 9 recrudesced. The effective rate of cafeaulait with regular shape is 52.5%, and irregular shape is 79.5%, there was a significant difference between two teams (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in efficacy between Qswitched 532 nm and 755 nm laser (P＞0.05). The above results showed  Qswitched 532 nm and 755 nm laser were effective agents for treatment of  cafeaulait.，and the efficacy of Qswitched laser on cafeaulait with regular shape is better than those with irregular shape．

Photodynamic therapy (PDT)is a promising therapeutic modality that can selectively destroy oncological and nononcological diseases with photosensitizer activated by specific wavelength light in the presence of oxygen. The efficiency of PDT depends strongly on the selection of irradiation light, including emission wavelength, irradiation mode and treatment dose. In this review, recent advances in the five kinds of PDT light sources, including daylight, near infrared light, Xray, internal light and light emitting diode were introduced in detail. Meanwhile, the advantages and limitations of each light source are discussed. Furthermore, in order to achieve the personalized irradiation mode for improving the therapeutic effects and preciseness of clinical PDT, the surface and internal light irradiation were described. The developments of new PDT light sources with easier operation, lower price and greater performance are highlighted.

Abstract: Genetic polymorphism and structure analysis of 29 Y-STR loci from populations of Hui, Miao and Yi in Guizhou area were studied, and their genetic relationships with seven other populations were analyzed. DNATyperTMY29 kit was used to detect samples in 309 individuals of Miao, 291 individuals of Hui and 331 individuals of Yi of Guizhou. The allele frequency and gene diversity of 29 Y-STR loci were analyzed, analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) was analyzed by YHRD online software. 816 different haplotypes were observed in 931 unrelated individuals from the three ethnic groups of Hui, Miao and Yi in Guizhou, and the haplotype diversities were determined as 0.995 5, 0.998 9 and 0.999 1. The genetic diversity (GD) in Hui, Miao and Yi were 0.289 9 to 0.874 7, 0.252 3 to 0.915 5 and 0.316 2 to 0.947 9, individually. AMOVA analysis showed that the genetic distance among 10 populations ranged from 0.007 8 to 0.138 9. The results showed that the 29 Y-STR loci were highly polymorphic in Hui, Miao and Yi populations in Guizhou. The data obtained in this study can provide basic data support for forensic science and population genetics research of the above population.
Key words: polymorphism; population genetics; DNATyperTMY29 kit; Y-STR; forensic genetics
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2021, 30(1): 052-058）

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are small molecules produced by plant metabolism which are not only key regulatory factors for growth and development as well as plant defense pathway but also the deleterious byproducts of aerobic metabolism. The physiological processes of plant cell are controlled by an oxidative and reductive network which is regulated by ROS. The study progress of ROS signal and its regulations on plant resistance to stresses from aspects of generation location, temporospatial characters，ROS signal and its interaction with NO and Ca²⁺ wave were reviewed in the paper.

Resveratrol (RSV), as one of the most abundant nonflavonoid polyphenolic compounds, is widely found in natural plants. Its biological properties include antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antibacterial, antiviral, and regulating cell metabolism. RSV has been widely used in human health care and animal production. To provide a reference for further research and development application, the source, physicochemical characters, bioavailability, biological properties of RSV and its mechanism of action were brief summarized in this paper.

Under the influence of pathogens, viruses, stress and other factors, it is easy to cause the intestinal dysfunction of livestock and poultry. Antibiotics can prevent or treat infections caused by pathogenic bacteria, whereas the abuse of antibiotics will bring a series of hazards to the livestock products and environment, which are a huge threat to human health. Therefore, raising livestock withoust using antibiotics  inevitable  becomes a trend. Probiotics play an important role in livestock and poultry breeding(LPB).Lactic acid bacteria(LAB)are a vital part of probiotics. It promotes the growth of the body, the function of the gastrointestinal tract, the immunity of the body, and maintains the balance of the intestinal flora of the animal. Hence, LAB can be used as an alternative to antibiotics in LPB. This paper mainly summarizes the mechanism and application range of LAB in probiotics in LPB, and emphasizes the advantages and disadvantages of LAB compared with other major probiotics in LPB, and expounds application of LAB in the combination model of plantingand cultivation，and provides the prospects for the future development of LAB.

Mutation induced by irradiation is an effective method for both creating germplasm resources and developing new varieties of crops. In the current study, we briefly introduced the commonly used irradiations for mutation induction, the object for mutagenic treatment and the technical methods of identification and screening  of target mutants in the mutated offsprings. Meanwhile, we summarized the main achievements of mutation breeding in crops and research progresses in mutagenesis mechanism. The imminent problems to be solved in future mutation breeding were also discussed with focusing on the improvement of the efficiency of mutation breeding in crop.

βketoacylACP synthase II (KASII)is a key enzyme responsible for the conversion of palmitic acid (16〖DK〗∶0ACP)to stearic acid (18〖DK〗∶0ACP). KASII activity determines the level of C18 fatty acids. In this paper, Dunaliella salina was used to isolate and identify the DsKASII gene. Bioinformatics tools were used to analyze the subcellular localization, protein structure, physicochemical properties and phylogenetic characteristics of DsKASII enzyme. Detail examinations were conducted for DsKASII gene expression pattern, oil/fatty acid profiles, the contents of chlorophyll and βcarotene under nitrogen deficiency stress. The results showed that  Dunaliella salina DsKASII enzyme protein had a length of 476 aa and a theoretical isoelectric point of 6.99. The protein contained plastidtargeting peptide and many hydrophilic regions. The main secondary structures included αhelix (22.48%), βsheet (22.06%), and random coil (55.46%). The 3D structure simulation predicted that the DsKASII was compactly heartshaped structure on the whole, with a homodimer as the functional form. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that DsKASII protein has the highest homology with Chlamydomonas reinhardtii CrKASII by 99%. It is possible that the two microalgae have a common evolutionary ancestor. Quantitative RTPCR (qRCPCR)analysis revealed that the expression level of DsKASII gene was upregulated in algal cells under nitrogen deficiency stress compared with the normal culture controls. The expression level of DsKASII in the stressed cells was 4.5 times higher than that in the normal culture cells on the 3th day of cultivation. Moreover, under nitrogen stress, the total oil, oleic acid (C18〖DK〗∶1)and carotenoid content in algae cells increased significantly, whereas palmitic acid (C16〖DK〗∶0)and chlorophyll contents decreased. Taken together, the data indicated that nitrogen stress induced the upregulation of DsKASII gene in Dunaliella salina, and then DsKASII catalyzed more palmitic acid into stearic acid, eventually increasing the accumulation of monounsaturated oleic acid and carotenoids. The present study provides a scientific reference for the further analysis on the mechanism underlying accumulation of oil and carotenoids as well as algal response to the stress, benefiting the breeding of highquality oleaginous microalgae.

Absract: Catechins and their derivatives, the main component of polyphenols in tea, have been found to have strong antiviral effects. They have strong inhibitory effects on various viruses, especially for influenza virus, which is considered as a potential antiviral precursor. It was found that tea catechins and their derivatives may be the priority compounds in the design of anti-influenza drugs. This paper reviews the history of the inhibition of influenza virus by catechins and their derivatives, and reviews its action mechanism and clinical research progress, which provides reference for the further research of tea polyphenols against influenza virus.
Key words: tea; tea polyphenols; catechin; theaflavin; influenza virus

In order to meet the requirements of sustainable growth and development for human beings, biomedical research has always been our focus. Terahertz（THz）has been widely used in biomedicine because of its own advantages. This article presents the applications of THz characterization techniques and THz biological effects in biomedicine. The applications of THz characterization technology are divided into five parts: amino acid and polypeptide, DNA, protein, the detection of cancer and other applications such as caries detection. The researches of THz biological effects mainly concentrate on the effects of THz on the tissues and cells. Furthermore, this article briefly introduces chemometrics method and its applications in biomedical applications in combination with THz technology. In this review, we summarize the drawbacks of THz technology in biomedical field and discuss the direction of further research. This article reviews the applications of THz technology in biomedicine, and establishes the foundation for relevant study