Abstract: Over the past few decades, ultrafast laser internal modification technology has emerged as a widely adopted method for the three-dimensional (3D) micromachining of transparent materials, enabling the fabrication of complex structures and devices with exceptional geometric freedom. However, the direct application of laser 3D printing technology for the production of industrial-scale complex devices composed of hard and brittle materials such as glass and ceramics still poses significant challenges. This paper first elucidates the mechanisms by which extreme spatiotemporal control of ultrafast laser-material interactions can be achieved deep inside of transparent materials. The development of a high-resolution, high-throughput ultrafast laser 3D printing technology tailored for the manufacture of industrial-scale glass microreactors is also reviewed. The resulting glass microreactors exhibit both flexible 3D microchannel architectures and large liquid holding volumes. Their successful implementation in the high-throughput, high-performance continuous flow synthesis of advanced pharmaceuticals and chemicals is poised to catalyze a new technological revolution in the field of flow chemistry.
Key words: laser three-dimensional printing; microreactor; microfluidics; flow chemistry; femtosecond laser micromachining
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 385-392）

Abstract: Alginate, a natural anionic polysaccharide derived from brown algae or microorganisms (e. g. , Azotobacter, Pseudomonas), exhibits unique gelling properties and biocompatibility with broad applications in food, pharmaceutical, and material industries. However, limitations including high molecular weight, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability restrict its utilization in high-value biomedicine. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS)—degradation products of alginate—demonstrate superior potential due to their low molecular weight and enhanced bioactivities, e. g. , antioxidant, immunomodulatory, glucose/lipid regulatory effects. Notably, sodium oligomannate (GV-971) has been developed as a novel therapeutic agent targeting the gut-brain axis for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. This review systematically examines innovative extraction processes for marine algal alginate, alginate lyase development and oligosaccharide preparation and microbial fermentation production of alginate. We anticipate a historic paradigm shift in the alginate industry—from marine resource-dependence to microbial bio-manufacturing. Future research should focus on converging technologies, such as dual-production microbial cell factories, AI-guided fermentation, overcoming industrialization bottlenecks involving cost reduction, standardization, safety risk management; and expanding high-value applications involving precision medicine; sustainable materials; to advance lab-scale innovations toward scalable industrial implementation.
Key words: alginate; alginate lyase; alginate oligosaccharides; microbial alginate; extraction process
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 393-400）

Abstract: With the widespread application of ultraviolet laser technology, the potential risk of damage to biological tissues, especially the eyes, has been closely monitored. The issue of eye damage caused by ultraviolet lasers has always been a hot topic among researchers studying the effects of eye damage. The spectral range of ultraviolet lasers covers a wavelength range of 200 nm to 400 nm, and the complex structure of the eye is responsible for that it responds differently to ultraviolet light of different wavelengths. This paper aims to review the damage effects of ultraviolet lasers on the eyes, organize relevant literature, and discuss the mechanisms of damage, clinical applications, current protective measures, and future research directions. Determination of the biological damage effects of ultraviolet lasers on the eyes and the mechanisms underlying ultraviolet laser eye damage is beneficial for improving related medical and repairment technologies and is of great significance for the formulation of effective safety protection standards.
Key words: ultraviolet laser; eye damage; photokeratitis; photochemical damage; protection and repair technology
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 401-408）

Abstract: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide, characterized by poor prognosis and a high recurrence rate. To investigate the regulatory mechanism of circHIPK3 in HCC, we analyzed the expression levels of HIPK3 and its circular RNA isoform, circHIPK3, using quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and found both to be significantly upregulated in HCC cells. Dual-luciferase reporter assays confirmed that circHIPK3 directly binds to miR-599, and that miR-599 targets the 3'untranslated region (UTR) of CD276. Furthermore, we established a stable HCC cell line with circHIPK3 knockdown (si-circHIPK3) and transfected miR-599 mimics to assess functional consequences. The results demonstrated that circHIPK3 can act as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to sponge miR-599, thereby alleviating its inhibitory effect on CD276 and upregulating CD276 expression, and enhancing the proliferation and migration ability of HCC cells. Collectively, our findings elucidate the circHIPK3/miR-599/CD276 regulatory axis in HCC progression, providing novel molecular insights into the malignant behavior of HCC cells and highlighting a potential therapeutic target.
Key words: hepatocellular carcinoma; circHIPK3; miR-599; CD276; therapeutic target
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 409-416）

Abstract: This article uses snail enzyme combined with ultrasound to extract Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides, optimizes its extraction process, and verifies the antioxidant activity of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. Based on single factor experiments, the effects of enzymatic pH, enzymatic temperature, and enzymatic time on the extraction yield of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides were investigated, and the optimal process conditions were determined using orthogonal experiments combined with ultrasonic fragmentation method. Three methods, including DPPH, ABTS and FRAP, were used to determine the antioxidant activity of the extracted Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides. The experimental results showed that the optimal process parameters for extracting Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides were as follows: enzymatic hydrolysis pH of 5, enzymatic hydrolysis temperature of 50℃, enzymatic hydrolysis time of 2.5 h, ultrasonic crushing for 15 s each time, intermittent for 30 s, and a total of 5 cycles. Under this condition, the extraction yield of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides was 1.595%, and the extracted Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides had good antioxidant activity. This study provides ideas for exploring a high-yield and high antioxidant activity Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide extraction method.
Key words: Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide; snail enzyme; ultrasonic crushing method; enzymatic hydrolysis process; antioxidant activity
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 417-425）

Abstract: This study combined network pharmacology and hippocampal metabolomics to explore the active components and mechanism of kaixinsan (KXS) in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APP/PS1 male mice were used as the AD model. The morris water maze test was performed to evaluate learning and memory abilities, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was conducted to observe pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region. Through network pharmacology, common targets between KXS components in hippocampus and AD-related targets were identified, followed by gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and molecular docking. Hippocampal metabolites were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and differential metabolites were screened for metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, comprehensive analysis was performed by integrating network pharmacology and metabolomics results. The morris water maze test shows that KXS improves learning and memory abilities in APP/PS1 mice. HE staining results indicate that KXS ameliorates central nervous system damage. LC-MS/MS identifies 466 KXS-derived compounds in hippocampus and 87 potential therapeutic targets. The main KEGG enriched pathways include lipid and atherosclerosis, efferocytosis, and AD pathways. Molecular docking results demonstrate high binding affinity between KXS potential active components and key targets. A total of 501 differential metabolites are screened from hippocampus, enriching 6 metabolic pathways. Integrated analysis of network pharmacology and metabolomics pathways yields intersecting pathways including linoleic acid metabolism and cholinergic synapse. This study reveals that KXS components in hippocampus can target AD-related disease targets, which are associated with pathways such as linoleic acid metabolism and cholinergic synapse. These findings may explain the potential mechanism of KXS in treating AD.
Key words: Alzheimer’s disease; kaixinsan; network pharmacology; metabolomics; molecular docking
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 426-441）

Abstract: To investigate the therapeutic effect and mechanism of arctigenin (ATG) on gentamicin (GM) induced acute kidney injury (AKI) in rats via activating the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2(Nrf2) / heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) signaling pathway and inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway, 36 male SD rats were selected and randomly divided into a control group (6 rats) and a model establishment group (30 rats). The model group received intraperitoneal injection of 100 mg/kg GM for 7 consecutive days to establish the AKI model. The successfully modeled rats were then randomly assigned to the model group, positive control group (5 mg/kg benazepril hydrochloride), and ATG low-, medium-, and high-dose groups (1, 3, 9 mg/kg ATG), with 6 rats in each group. The following parameters were measured: serum urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine (SCR) levels; renal tissue levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and kidney injury molecule-1(KIM-1), as well as the mRNA and protein expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and nuclear factor-kappa B p65 (NF-κB p65). Compared with the model group, ATG treatment significantly reduced serum levels of BUN and SCR in rats (P<0.01). In renal tissues, it markedly upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of antioxidant indicators (SOD, CAT, GSH) and key factors of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway (Nrf2, HO-1) (P<0.05 or P<0.01), while downregulating the expression of oxidative damage product (MDA), inflammatory factors (IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α), kidney injury marker (KIM-1), as well as NF-κB p65 mRNA and protein (P<0.05 or P<0.01). Histopathological examination revealed that ATG treatment improved renal tubular epithelial cell morphology, attenuated tubular atrophy, fibrosis, and inflammatory infiltration. These results demonstrate that ATG exerts a multi-target therapeutic effect on GM-induced AKI by synergistically activating the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway to enhance antioxidant capacity and inhibiting the NF-κB pathway to alleviate inflammatory response, thereby providing a theoretical basis for its clinical translation.
Key words: actigenin; gentamicin; acute kidney injury; nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1 signaling pathway; nuclear factor-kappa B signaling pathway
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 442-450）

Abstract: To evaluate the effect of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) lnc-ISG20 on transforming growth factor β1(TGF-β1)-induced hepatic stellate cell activation and explore the mechanism of silencing lnc-ISG20 in anti-liver fibrosis. The GEO database was used to analyze the differential expression of lnc-ISG20 in liver fibrosis tissue and normal liver tissue. The liver fibrosis cell model was established by treating human hepatic stellate cells LX-2 with 10 ng/mL TGF-β1 and then divided into sh-NC group and sh-lnc-ISG20 group, which were transfected with sh-NC plasmid and sh-lnc-ISG20 plasmid, respectively. CCK-8 assay was used to detect the growth curve of LX-2 cells in each group. Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle distribution and apoptosis rate of LX-2 cells in each group. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between lnc-ISG20 and miR-20a-5p. The GEO database was used to analyze the correlation between the expression of lnc-ISG20 and miR-20a-5p in liver fibrosis tissues. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression level of miR-20a-5p in each group of cells. Western blotting was used to detect the expression levels of p-P38, p-IκB, p-P65 and p-ASK1 proteins in the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Compared with normal liver tissue, the expression of lnc-ISG20 in liver fibrosis tissue increased (P<0.01). Compared with the sh-NC group, the proliferation activity of LX-2 cells in the sh-lnc-ISG20 group decreased (P<0.05), the cell cycle was blocked (P<0.01), and the apoptosis rate increased (P<0.01). miR-20a-5p was a target gene of lnc-ISG20 (P<0.01). The expression of lnc-ISG20 is negatively correlated with miR-20a-5p in liver fibrosis tissue (P<0.01). Compared with the sh-NC group, the expression of miR-20a-5p in LX-2 cells in the sh-lnc-ISG20 group increased (P<0.01), and the expressions of p-P38, p-IκB, p-P65 and p-ASK1 proteins of the MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway all decreased (all P<0.01). Silencing lnc-ISG20 inhibits TGF-β1-induced proliferation of LX-2 cells and promotes apoptosis by increasing miR-20a-5p expression. lnc-ISG20 is expected to become a molecular target for the treatment of liver fibrosis.
Key words: liver fibrosis; lnc-ISG20; miR-20a-5p; hepatic stellate cells; cell apoptosis
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 451-458）

Abstract: To explore the effects of microRNA-128-3p (miR-128-3p) on proliferation and invasion of gestational trophoblast cells by modulating silent information regulator 2 homolog 1(SIRT1)/hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) pathway, the placental tissues were collected from preeclampsia patients and normal full-term pregnant women who gave birth in the Handan Central Hospital from October 2023 to October 2024. The real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction experiment was performed to detect miR-128-3p in tissues and cells. JEG-3 cells were cultured and transfected with anti-miR-128-3p, si-SIRT1, and negative controls, respectively. Tetramethylthiazole blue (MTT) assay was used to detect the viability of JEG-3 cells; transwell experiment was applied to measure the migration and invasion of JEG-3 cells; Western blot was applied to measure expression of cycle-dependent protein kinase inhibitor 1A (P21), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP-2), E-cadherin (E-Cadherin), SIRT1, Cyclin D1(Cyclin D1), HIF-1α protein; dual luciferase assay was used to validate the targeting relationship between miR-128-3p and SIRT1. The experimental results indicate that, the expression level of miR-128-3p in placental tissues of preeclampsia group was higher than that of normal placental tissues (P<0.05). After inhibiting the expression of miR-128-3p, the expression of P21, E-cadherin and HIF-1α decreased, while the cell survival rate, the number of migrating cells and the number of invading cells, and the protein expressions of MMP-2, Cyclin D1 and SIRT1 increased (P<0.05). SIRT1 was the target gene of miR-128-3p, after simultaneously inhibiting the expression of miR-128-3p and SIRT1, the above indicators showed opposite expressions (P<0.05). Overexpression of miR-128-3p may inhibit the proliferation and invasion of gestational trophoblast cells by modulating SIRT1/HIF-1α pathway.
Key words: miR-128-3p; SIRT1; hypoxia inducible factor-1α; preeclampsia; pregnancy trophoblast cell proliferation and invasion
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 459-465）

Abstract: Rhamnolipids have hydrophilic groups and are composed of 1～2 molecules of rhamnose. They are a type of lipid substance containing rhamnose structure. As a biological surfactant, it has the characteristics of high surface activity, low toxicity, and natural degradation, and has great potential application value in the fields of petroleum industry, food, medicine, cosmetics, green agriculture, and ecological environment. This study used phenol-sulfuric acid method, anthrone-sulfuric acid method, and 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, replacing traditional spectrophotometers with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, to determine the mass concentration of rhamnolipids. Subsequently, a micro rapid method for detecting the mass concentration of rhamnolipids was developed, aiming to achieve rapid, accurate, and sensitive determination of rhamnolipids. The phenol-sulfuric acid method was chosen as the optimal detection method for the mass concentration of rhamnolipids, we successfully established a phenol-sulfuric acid micro detection system, and optimized the detection conditions. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader, it was found that the absorbance value at 479 nm and the slope of the standard curve were both high. This allows for rapid detection of the mass concentration of rhamnolipids, saving time, hazardous chemicals, reducing the generation of waste gases, and improving detection efficiency. With the successful application of the phenol-sulfuric acid micro detection system, we can achieve rapid screening of a large number of samples, with simple operation, reduced time and labor costs, and reduced dependence on expensive equipment. The system can quickly detect the mass concentration of rhamnolipids in the transformation solution, laying the foundation for screening high transformation strains.
Key words: rhamnolipids; phenol-sulfuric acid method; anthrone-sulfuric method; 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid method; high-throughput
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 466-472）

Abstract: To investigate the expression of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) BCAN-AS1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) and the mechanism by which BCAN-AS1/miR-1224-5p/Wnt axis regulates the proliferation and invasion of TSCC cells, cBioPortal database was used to analyze BCAN-AS1 expression in TSCC tissues. qRT-PCR was used to detect the expression of BCAN-AS1 in normal human oral keratinocytes (HOK) and TSCC cells (Tca8113, HNl3, SCC-9, TSCCA, SCC-15). SCC-9 cells were cultured in vitro and divided into Con group (transfected with negative plasmid) and si-BCAN-AS1 group (transfected with si-BCAN-AS1 plasmid) according to the treatment method. The proliferation and invasion abilities of SCC-9 cells in each group were detected by clone formation assay and Transwell assay. Dual luciferase reporter assay verified the complementary combination between BCAN-AS1 and miR-1224-5p. The cBioPortal database was used to analyze the correlation between BCAN-AS1 and miR-1224-5p expressions in TSCC tissues. qRT-PCR was used to detect miR-1224-5p expression in SCC-9 cells in each group. Western blot detected Wnt/β-catenin pathway proteins expression in SCC-9 cells in each group. Compared with adjacent tissues, BCAN-AS1 was highly expressed in TSCC tissues (P<0.01). Compared with HOK cells, BCAN-AS1 was highly expressed in Tca8113, HNl3, SCC-9, TSCCA, and SCC-15 cells (P<0.01). The cell proliferation and invasion abilities of the si-BCAN-AS1 group were lower than those of the Con group (all P<0.01). BCAN-AS1 could target and bind to miR-1224-5p (P<0.01). miR-1224-5p expression in SCC-9 cells increased (P<0.01), and the expressions of β-catenin, Cyclin D1, с-mус, and MMP-7 proteins decreased (all P<0.01). BCAN-AS1 is highly expressed in TSCC, and downregulation of BCAN-AS1 can regulate the proliferation and invasion of TSCC SCC-9 cells through the miR-1224-5p/Wnt/β-catenin axis. BCAN-AS1 may become a molecular target for targeted therapy of TSCC.
Key words: BCAN-AS1; tongue squamous cell carcinoma; oral keratinocytes; miR-1224-5p; Wnt/β-catenin pathway
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 473-480）