Abstract: Gamma delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T lymphocytes expressing γδT cell receptors, which possess both innate and adaptive immune functions. They can recognize and kill tumor cells in a manner independently of MHC restriction. However, their limited quantity in vivo and low efficiency in vitro expansion restrict their clinical application. This study utilized a combination of cytokines interleukin-2 (IL-2), interleukin-15 (IL-15), and the bisphosphonate drug zoledronic acid (Zol) to stimulate γδT cells and optimize their in vitro expansion strategy. Results demonstrated that the combination of Zol (5 μmol/L), IL-2 (100 IU/mL), and IL-15 (10 ng/mL) achieved a 10 000-fold expansion of γδT cells, with a purity of 95.74% among CD3-positive cells. Additionally, metformin treatment significantly increased the proportions of central memory cell subsets from 10.75% to 15.85% and effector memory cell subsets from 5.98% to 19.3% in γδT cells (P<0.01). Metformin also markedly upregulated the expression of anti-tumor factors interferon-γ (IFN-γ), granzyme B (GZMB), and perforin in γδT cells, promoted exosome secretion, and enhanced cytotoxic activity. This study provides a novel strategy for in vitro expansion and functional optimization of γδT cells, laying the foundation for their application in adoptive immunotherapy for tumors.
Key words: γδT cells; antitumor activity; metformin; anti-tumor factor; adoptive immunotherapy
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 229-238）

Abstract: Cardiovascular disease is currently the leading cause of death in the world, and although great progress has been made in the research and clinical treatment of its pathogenesis, the mortality rate is still high, and new ways of scientific intervention are urgently needed. Intestinal flora is the most numerous and complex microbial community in the human body, which plays an important role in the healthy homeostasis of the body, and its imbalance can lead to a variety of chronic diseases including cardiovascular disease, and form a “microbiome-gut-heart axis” relationship, which speculates that intestinal flora and its metabolites may be potential biological targets for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. This article focuses on the regulatory mechanism between the “microbiome-gut-heart axis” and cardiovascular disease, and proposes the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases from the perspective of intestinal microbiota, in order to provide reference for clinical treatment.
Key words: gut microbes; cardiovascular diseases; microbiome-gut-heart axis; intestinal flora metabolites; novel coronavirus
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 214-220）

Abstract: As a non-drug treatment, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has shown good effects and low side effects in the treatment of a variety of diseases, and has broad application prospects. In recent years, PDT has become increasingly important in the diagnosis and treatment of digestive system diseases, especially in the treatment of gastrointestinal tumors and gastrointestinal inflammation. This article reviews the research progress and clinical applications of PDT in the treatment of various digestive diseases. Through literature review, the advantages of PDT in the treatment of different types of digestive diseases are summarized, and the limitations of its clinical applications are discussed. The development direction of PDT in medical diagnosis and treatment is projected, and the technological innovation of photosensitizer and the possibility of its use as a routine treatment for other diseases are proposed. Despite some limitations, the development prospects of PDT in clinical application are still broad, and it is expected to provide new directions and ideas for the treatment of diseases.
Key words: photodynamic therapy; photosensitizer technology; digestive system diseases; diagnosis and treatment; application research
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 193-206）

Abstract: 577 nm subthreshold micropulse laser (SML) is a non-destructive thermal laser therapy for the treatment of retinal diseases, which has the advantages of minimal damage, high safety, and strong penetration ability. It showed great development prospects in the treatment of retinal diseases and other fields. This article reviews the research progress of 577 nm SML in the treatment of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC), diabetic macular edema (DME), age-related macular degeneration (ARMD), macular edema secondary to retinal vein occlusion and other retinal diseases, hoping that it can provide some reference for clinical application.
Key words: retinitis photocoagulation; subthreshold micropulse laser; retinal diseases; macula
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 207-213）

Abstract: This article aims to explore the pharmacological mechanism of the kang-xian-miao-ling formula based on network pharmacology and animal experiments. Active ingredients and their targets from the formula were identified via database screening and were compared with targets associated with liver fibrosis to determine the core interaction targets. These core targets underwent enrichment analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks, gene ontology (GO) functions, and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) signaling pathways. To validate the predictions derived from network pharmacology, a liver fibrosis model was established in rats using thioacetamide (TAA), with concurrent treatment using the formula. Histopathological changes in liver tissue were assessed through hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and Masson staining, while serum biochemical indicators and the expression of relevant genes in liver tissue were evaluated. The study identified 55 active ingredients in the kang-xian-miao-ling formula, with 98 interacting targets associated with liver fibrosis. PPI network analysis revealed 10 core targets, including AKT1, TNF, IL-6, TP53, IL-1β, MMP9, HIF1A, PTGS2, JUN, and ESR1, which are primarily implicated in cancer pathways, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, lipid metabolism, atherosclerosis, and TNF signaling pathways. Molecular docking experiments indicated that ingredients such as quercetin, gentianine, emodin, and luteolin exhibit favorable molecular binding affinity with core targets like AKT1 and PTGS2. Animal experiments demonstrated that, compared to the normal group, the model group rats exhibited significant fibrous collagen deposition and inflammatory cell infiltration in liver tissue, along with markedly increased serum levels of ALT, AST, and total bilirubin (TBIL). Additionally, inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β were elevated, alongside increased mRNA expression levels of α-SMA, PIK3CA, AKT1, and TGF-β1 in liver tissue. In comparison to the model group, the treatment group exhibited improvements in liver tissue inflammation and collagen fiber deposition, alongside significantly reduced serum levels of ALT, AST, and TBIL. Additionally, there was a decrease in the expression of inflammatory factors and the mRNA levels of α-SMA, PIK3CA, and AKT1 in liver tissue. This study found that kang-xian-miao-ling formula may regulate the PI3K/Akt and TNF signaling pathways through the interaction of multiple components, targets, and pathways. It inhibits the release of inflammatory factors and promotes the degradation of collagen fibers, thereby effectively improving TAA-induced liver fibrosis in rats.
Key words: kang-xian-miao-ling formula; liver fibrosis; network pharmacology; PI3K/Akt signaling pathway; target molecule docking
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 254-266）

Abstract: Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in nutrient cycling across different vegetation ecosystems, with varying vegetation types leading to distinct microbial communities. Microbial biomass carbon (MBC), microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP) content, as well as their ratios, significantly influence ecosystem nutrient cycling, plant growth, and soil health. This study focused on six typical vegetation types (steppe, desert, savanna, sparse wooded grassland, evergreen coniferous forest, and evergreen needleleaf shrubland) at different elevations in the Helan Mountains of Ningxia. MBC, MBN, MBP, soil total nitrogen (STN), soil organic matter (SOM), soil pH, and soil water content (SWC) were measured, and one-way ANOVA, redundancy analysis (RDA), and variance partitioning analysis (VPA), were employed to explore the distribution patterns of MBC, MBN, and MBP ecological stoichiometry across different elevational vegetation zones and their relationships with soil physicochemical factors. The results showed: 1) The contents of MBC, MBN, and MBP varied significantly with altitude (P<0.05). MBC and MBN initially increased, then decreased, and subsequently rose again with increasing altitude, whereas MBP increased significantly above 1 822 m. All three reached their highest levels in evergreen needleleaf shrubland, with values of 796.02, 47.26, and 24.07 mg/kg, respectively. 2) The MBC: MBN showed no significant difference with altitude, MBC: MBP and MBN: MBP showed a fluctuating trend with elevation, and all three showed a decreasing trend in the high elevation vegetation zone. The lowest values were observed in evergreen needleleaf shrubland. 3) RDA and VPA revealed that STN had a significant effect on the ecological stoichiometric characteristics of MBC, MBN, and MBP (P<0.05). In conclusion, the C, N, and P ecological stoichiometric characteristics varied significantly across different vegetation zones in the Helan Mountains and were primarily influenced by STN.
Key words: Helan Mountain; vegetation belt; soil microorganisms; ecological stoichiometry; soil physicochemical factors
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 246-253）

Abstract: Lactate has long been regarded as a metabolic byproduct of glycolysis. Recent studies, however, have revealed its pivotal role in regulating the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME). Excess lactate accumulation disrupts metabolic balance, suppresses the activity of T cells and NK cells, and induces the polarization of immunosuppressive cells, thereby reshaping the immune landscape of TIME. Meanwhile, lactylation, as a novel post-translational protein modification, mediates the regulation of epigenetic events by metabolic signals, promoting the expression of immune-related genes, such as PD-L1, IL-10, and Arg1, and further enhancing immune evasion. This review focuses on the metabolic-epigenetic coordination of lactate and lactylation in TIME, elaborating on lactate production and shuttling, immune-cell metabolic interactions, and the clinical potential of targeting lactate homeostasis. A deeper understanding of the lactate-lactylation axis may provide novel molecular targets and research directions for future tumor immunotherapy.
Key words: lactate; lactylation; tumor metabolism; immune regulation; therapeutic resistance
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(6): 515-522）

Abstract: Obstructive bronchitis is a fibrotic disease of the lungs that occurs in response to inhalation of noxious gases, immune dysfunction and lung or bone marrow transplantation. Fibrosis is a pathological hallmark of obstructive bronchitis, and alterations in its mechanical properties play a key role in understanding the pathological progression of obstructive bronchitis. Due to the lack of studies related to the mechanical properties of obstructive bronchitis, little is known about the pathological mechanisms in this area. Therefore, in this paper, to address the above problem, photoacoustic remote sensing elastography was used to image the biomechanical properties of bronchial fibrosis. The results showed that the rise times of photoacoustic signals corresponding to normal bronchial tubes as well as bronchial tubes in the early, middle, and late stages of fibrosis were 113 ns, 107 ns, 96 ns, and 70 ns, respectively, and a short rise time resulted in a large elastic modulus; the elastic modulus of fibrotic bronchial tubes was larger than that of normal bronchial tubes, and the elastic modulus in the three stages of fibrosis increased sequentially from the early stage to the late stage. In this paper, the changes of bronchial mechanical properties during the process of obstructive bronchitis were investigated and the relative values of elastic modulus were extracted to propose a new reference for the graded diagnosis and prevention of obstructive bronchitis.
Key words: biological optics; photoacoustic imaging; elastic imaging; photoacoustic remote sensing; bronchial fibrosis
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 239-245）

Abstract: In order to observe the microscopic structure and lignin distribution of rice stalks efficiently and conveniently, this study adopted the natural drying-cryo-sectioning method and successfully obtained thin tissue sections. By combining the autofluorescence properties of plants and using confocal microscopy technique, the microscopic structure of rice stalks was observed. This technical method mainly improved the cryosectioning technique for rice stalks. After rice stalks were naturally dried for a certain period of time, they were directly embedded and sectioned. Sections can be prepared with or without safranin staining to obtain microscopic sections with relatively intact structures. Subsequently, ultraviolet light, blue light, and green light were used to excite the autofluorescence of rice stalks, followed by microscopic imaging and photography. The research results showed that the improved cryosectioning technique could produce tissue sections with a thickness of 1 μm and nearly intact cell structures. By using a laser scanning confocal microscope to collect red fluorescence signals excited by green light, the microscopic structure and lignin distribution of rice stalk sections can be observed quickly and clearly. This study provides references for the research on the tissue structures and the exploration of the physiological functions in Poaceae plants.
Key words: rice stalk; cryosection technique; confocal microscopy technique; cellular microstructure; lignin distribution
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(4): 304-311）

Abstract: Hand-foot-and-mouth disease (HFMD), and herpangina (HA) are common pediatric diseases mainly caused by infection of enteroviruses (EVs). Therefore, clarifying the molecular epidemiology of EVs in HFMD and HA outbreaks is important for understanding the etiological characteristics of the diseases and facilitating the treatment. During an outbreak in 2021, throat swab samples were collected from 54 HFMD or HA patients aged (3.40±1.67) years in the Third Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan Province, China. The prevalence of EVs in the samples was evaluated by viral metagenomic sequencing (VMGS), and the serotypes of these EVs were verified by PCR amplification of vp1 region followed by Sanger sequencing. Complete genomes of representative EV strains were further sequenced for phylogenetic analyses. For coxsackievirus (CV) A4, the predominant serotype in this outbreak, the amino acid sequences of VP1 were subjected to mutation analysis and immune epitope prediction. VMGS results revealed that sequence reads of EV genomes accounted for 98.29% of all the reads. PCR testing confirmed EV in 47 out of the 54 samples, representing an EV positive rate of 87.04%. Five EV serotypes were identified, including CVA2 (7, 14.89%), CVA4 (22, 46.81%), CVA10 (4, 8.51%), CVA16 (7, 14.89%), and CVB3 (3, 6.38%). Additionally, EV serotypes were undetermined in 4 EN-positive samples (8.51%). HFMD cases were tested positive for CVA4 and CVA16 only, while HA cases included all five serotypes.11 representative EV genomes revealed nucleotide sequence identities ranging from 96.57% to 99.04%, compared to the closest reference strains. VP1 of CVA4, the predominant serotype, harbored 8 amino acid variation sites among which 2 were located within the predicted MHC class-I epitopes. This study characterized the serotype distribution and mutation profiles of EVs in pediatric HFMD and HA cases during the 2021 Changsha outbreak, providing critical data for local epidemiological surveillance. Amino acid sequence analysis of CVA4’s VP1 protein revealed persistent changes in immunogenic epitopes, suggesting viral adaptation to immune pressure — a finding with significant implications for vaccine development. Consequently, sustained molecular surveillance during outbreaks is essential to formulate effective prevention and control strategies.
Key words: enterovirus; hand-foot-and mouth disease; herpangina; molecular epidemiology; serotype
CLC number: Q939.4                     Document code: A                  DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2025.04.007

Abstract: As a detection instrument developed rapidly in recent years, the spectral flow cytometer primarily complemented traditional flow cytometry. This article demonstrated the performance of three spectral flow cytometers in the detection of fluorescent materials, demonstrating their potential applications in the field of biological materials. Studies showed that the spectral flow cytometer could not only explore fluorescence from non-primary bands of known fluorescent dyes, but also decompose overlapping spectra between fluorescent materials, and reagent kit detection channels, resulting in more accurate analytical results. Additionally, it could detect the spectral shifts of fluorescent nanomaterials within cells. In all, the spectral flow cytometer could record the spectral characteristics of fluorescent materials entering cells, analyze the spectral behavior of fluorophores within cells, and spectrally resolve fluorescence signals that overlapped with detection channels, thus providing objective fluorescence data. These capabilities opened up new paths for the research of fluorescent materials, providing theoretical foundations as well as practical references for the widespread use of spectral flow cytometry in biomaterials science.
Key words: spectral flow cytometry; biological materials; fluorescent materials; fluorescence spectrum shift; spectral separation
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 221-228）

Abstract: In order to study the effect of carrilizumab combined with cisplatin on apoptosis of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells Eca-109 by regulating mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway, and to observe the expression of heat shock protein A9 (HSPA9). In this study, the test was divided into blank control group, cisplatin group (100 μmol/L) and combined administration group which is cisplatin (100 μmol/L)+carrilizumab (200 mg/time). Transwell migration test, scratch test, cell counting kit 8 (CCK-8) test and clonal aggregation technique were used to observe the effects of carrellizumab combined with cisplatin on the invasion, migration and proliferation of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma cells Eca-109. The expression of HSPA9 gene was detected by RT-PCR. Western blot (WB) was used to detect the expression of OXPHOS and PI3K/AKT pathway proteins. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were detected by flow cytometry. Transwell migration, scratch test, CCK-8 test and clonal formation test showed that the combined administration group inhibited the activity, migration and aggregation of Eca-109 cells more than the cisplatin group. Reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and WB detection results showed that compared with cisplatin group and control group, the expression of HSPA9 and OXPHOS in combined administration group significantly decreased, and the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT was inhibited (P<0.01). Flow cytometry showed that compared with control group and cisplatin group, ROS levels in cisplatin+carrilizumab group significantly increased, and there was a significant difference (P<0.05). Compared with cisplatin alone, carrellizumab combined with cisplatin could significantly inhibit the expression of HSPA9 and OXPHOS in esophageal squamous cell cancer cells, inhibit the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and regulate reoxidation and mitochondrial homeostasis. The inhibition of Eca-109 on esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by inducing mitochondrial apoptosis provides a reference for the precise intervention and treatment of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in clinical practice.
Key words: carrilizumab; cisplatin; esophageal squamouscell carcinoma; OXPHOS; HSPA9
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 274-281）

Abstract: To investigate the effects of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) HHIP-AS1 on the proliferation and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells and its molecular mechanism, the expression of HHIP-AS1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma tissues was analyzed by cBioPortal database. The expression of HHIP-AS1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). HHIP-AS1 plasmid and control plasmid were transfected into CAL-27 cells, which were recorded as HHIP-AS1 group and NC group, respectively. qPCR was used to detect the expression of HHIP-AS1 in CAL-27 cells in each group. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) method and scratch healing assay were used to detect the effects of up-regulating HHIP-AS1 on the proliferation and migration of CAL-27 cells, respectively. Western blot was used to detect the effects of up-regulating HHIP-AS1 on the expression of proliferation phenotype proteins and migration phenotype proteins in CAL-27 cells. Dual luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the targeting relationship between HHIP-AS1 and miR-19a-3p. qPCR was used to detect the effect of upregulating HHIP-AS1 on the expression of miR-19a-3p. The results showed that the expression of HHIP-AS1 in tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell lines was lower than that in human normal oral keratinocytes (HOK cells) (all P<0.05). The expression of HHIP-AS1 in CAL-27 cells of the HHIP-AS1 group was significantly higher than that in the NC group (P<0.01). This study found that upregulating HHIP-AS1 could significantly inhibit the proliferation ability (P<0.05) and migration ability (P<0.01) of CAL-27 cells. Upregulating HHIP-AS1 would inhibit the expression of proteins related to the proliferative phenotype and migratory phenotype of CAL-27 cells. This study further found that HHIP-AS1 could bind to miR-19a-3p in a targeted manner (P<0.01), and upregulating HHIP-AS1 would inhibit the expression of miR-19a-3p (P<0.01). In conclusion, HHIP-AS1 is lowly expressed in tongue squamous cell carcinoma. Upregulating HHIP-AS1 inhibits the proliferation and migration of tongue squamous cell carcinoma cells by reducing the expression of miR-19a-3p. This study may provide a new target for the research on targeted therapy of tongue squamous cell carcinoma.
Key words: HHIP-AS1; tongue squamous cell carcinoma; miR-19a-3p; cancer cell proliferation; cancer cell migration
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 282-288）

Abstract: To investigate the effect of low expression of microRNAs-133a (miR-133a) on the apoptosis of podocytes induced by high glucose and its related mechanism, human glomerular podocyte (HGPC) cells were cultured in vitro and divided into control group (Con, no treatment), HG group (30 mmol/L D-glucose), inhibitor NC group (HG group+transfection inhibitor NC), miR-133a inhibitor group (HG group+ transfection miR-133a inhibitor). 24 h after transfection, real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was used to detect the transfection efficiency. Follow-up tests were performed after transfection success, which were divided into Con group, HG group, inhibitor NC group and miR-133a inhibitor group, miR-133a inhibitor+phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) / protein kinase B (AKT) pathway inhibitor group (miR-133a inhibitor+10 μmol/L LY294002), miR-133a inhibitor+PI3K/AKT pathway activator group [miR-133a inhibitor+50 mg/mL insulin-like growth factor (IGF-I)]. Live cell counting method (CCK-8) and Hoechst 33258 staining were used respectively, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot were used to detect HGPC cell viability, apoptosis rate, tumor necrosis factor (TNF) -α, interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels, PI3K, phosphorylation (p) -PI3K, AKT and p-AKT expression levels. miR-133a was transfected successfully. The cell viability, p-PI3K and p-AKT protein expression of HG group and inhibitor NC group were lower than those of Con group (P<0.05), the apoptosis rate, TNF-α and IL-6 levels were higher than those of Con group (P<0.05). The apoptosis rate, TNF-α and IL-6 levels of miR-133a inhibitor group were lower than those of miR-133a inhibitor group (P<0.05), while the protein expressions of p-PI3K and p-AKT increased (P<0.05). LY294002 attenuated the action of miR-133a inhibitor and IGF-I enhanced the action of miR-133a inhibitor. The low expression of miR-133a can regulate the PI3K/AKT pathway to inhibit the release of inflammatory factors and apoptosis of HG-induced HGPC cells, this research could provide a new direction for the study of diseases related to diabetic nephropathy.
Key words: diabetic nephropathy; miR-133a; HGPC cells; high glucose; inflammation
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(3): 267-273）

Abstract: Alginate, a natural anionic polysaccharide derived from brown algae or microorganisms (e. g. , Azotobacter, Pseudomonas), exhibits unique gelling properties and biocompatibility with broad applications in food, pharmaceutical, and material industries. However, limitations including high molecular weight, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability restrict its utilization in high-value biomedicine. Alginate oligosaccharides (AOS)—degradation products of alginate—demonstrate superior potential due to their low molecular weight and enhanced bioactivities, e. g. , antioxidant, immunomodulatory, glucose/lipid regulatory effects. Notably, sodium oligomannate (GV-971) has been developed as a novel therapeutic agent targeting the gut-brain axis for Alzheimer’s disease treatment. This review systematically examines innovative extraction processes for marine algal alginate, alginate lyase development and oligosaccharide preparation and microbial fermentation production of alginate. We anticipate a historic paradigm shift in the alginate industry—from marine resource-dependence to microbial bio-manufacturing. Future research should focus on converging technologies, such as dual-production microbial cell factories, AI-guided fermentation, overcoming industrialization bottlenecks involving cost reduction, standardization, safety risk management; and expanding high-value applications involving precision medicine; sustainable materials; to advance lab-scale innovations toward scalable industrial implementation.
Key words: alginate; alginate lyase; alginate oligosaccharides; microbial alginate; extraction process
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 393-400）

Abstract: Rhamnolipids have hydrophilic groups and are composed of 1～2 molecules of rhamnose. They are a type of lipid substance containing rhamnose structure. As a biological surfactant, it has the characteristics of high surface activity, low toxicity, and natural degradation, and has great potential application value in the fields of petroleum industry, food, medicine, cosmetics, green agriculture, and ecological environment. This study used phenol-sulfuric acid method, anthrone-sulfuric acid method, and 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid method, replacing traditional spectrophotometers with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, to determine the mass concentration of rhamnolipids. Subsequently, a micro rapid method for detecting the mass concentration of rhamnolipids was developed, aiming to achieve rapid, accurate, and sensitive determination of rhamnolipids. The phenol-sulfuric acid method was chosen as the optimal detection method for the mass concentration of rhamnolipids, we successfully established a phenol-sulfuric acid micro detection system, and optimized the detection conditions. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay reader, it was found that the absorbance value at 479 nm and the slope of the standard curve were both high. This allows for rapid detection of the mass concentration of rhamnolipids, saving time, hazardous chemicals, reducing the generation of waste gases, and improving detection efficiency. With the successful application of the phenol-sulfuric acid micro detection system, we can achieve rapid screening of a large number of samples, with simple operation, reduced time and labor costs, and reduced dependence on expensive equipment. The system can quickly detect the mass concentration of rhamnolipids in the transformation solution, laying the foundation for screening high transformation strains.
Key words: rhamnolipids; phenol-sulfuric acid method; anthrone-sulfuric method; 3, 5-dinitrosalicylic acid method; high-throughput
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 466-472）

Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a non-invasive imaging technique that uses visible and near-infrared light to provide detailed cross-sectional images of human tissue, widely used for the examination of fundus diseases. Currently, OCT is mainly divided into two types: time-domain and Fourier-domain, with the Fourier-domain further divided into spectral-domain and swept-source types. These types of OCT each have their own characteristics in terms of image acquisition methods, scanning speed, axial and lateral resolution, and imaging range. Swept-source OCT (SS-OCT) often uses scanning light sources with wavelengths of 1 050 nm or 1 300 nm, which have strong tissue penetration capabilities. Combined with faster scanning speeds and a wider scanning range, it can clearly display the deep structures of the retina and choroid, demonstrating unique advantages in the quantitative assessment of the fundus. Based on recent research advances, this paper will review the application of SS-OCT in ocular diseases, aiming to provide a reference for early diagnosis, elucidation of pathological mechanisms, and evaluation of therapeutic effects in ophthalmology.
Key words: swept-source optical coherence tomography; fundus diseases; choroidal vessel volume index; non-invasive imaging technology; fundus disease examination
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(6): 481-488）

Abstract: Bioinformatics analysis-based construction of a prognostic prediction model to investigate the relationship between specific solute carrier protein (SLC)-related genes and gastric cancer (GC) in immunity and prognosis. RNA sequencing and clinical data were downloaded from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) and gene expression omnibus (GEO) databases. Differential expression of SLC-related genes was extracted using R software. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed to construct a risk prediction model for GC prognosis based on SLC-related genes closely associated with survival. The prognostic performance of the model was validated through Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, regression analysis, and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves. Correlations between risk scores and immune-infiltrating cells, tumor immune microenvironment, and clinical features were assessed. The impact of SLC43A3 knockdown on the proliferation and migration of BGC-823 cells was evaluated via CCK-8, scratch wound healing, and Transwell assays. A total of 115 differentially expressed SLC-related genes were identified, with 14 genes linked to prognosis. Eight genes were selected to establish the prognostic risk scoring model. The SLC-related gene prognostic model demonstrates high predictive value and is significantly associated with heterogeneity in immune cell infiltration, providing important references for personalized medication in GC patients. Functional experiments revealed that SLC43A3 significantly promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of gastric cancer cells. This study may suggest novel therapeutic targets for GC targeted therapy research.
Key words: gastric cancer; specific solute carrier protein; prognostic model; immune reaction; bioinformatics
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(4): 374-384）

Abstract: This study combined network pharmacology and hippocampal metabolomics to explore the active components and mechanism of kaixinsan (KXS) in treating Alzheimer’s disease (AD). APP/PS1 male mice were used as the AD model. The morris water maze test was performed to evaluate learning and memory abilities, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining was conducted to observe pathological changes in the hippocampal CA1 region. Through network pharmacology, common targets between KXS components in hippocampus and AD-related targets were identified, followed by gene ontology (GO) analysis, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network construction and molecular docking. Hippocampal metabolites were detected using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and differential metabolites were screened for metabolic pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, comprehensive analysis was performed by integrating network pharmacology and metabolomics results. The morris water maze test shows that KXS improves learning and memory abilities in APP/PS1 mice. HE staining results indicate that KXS ameliorates central nervous system damage. LC-MS/MS identifies 466 KXS-derived compounds in hippocampus and 87 potential therapeutic targets. The main KEGG enriched pathways include lipid and atherosclerosis, efferocytosis, and AD pathways. Molecular docking results demonstrate high binding affinity between KXS potential active components and key targets. A total of 501 differential metabolites are screened from hippocampus, enriching 6 metabolic pathways. Integrated analysis of network pharmacology and metabolomics pathways yields intersecting pathways including linoleic acid metabolism and cholinergic synapse. This study reveals that KXS components in hippocampus can target AD-related disease targets, which are associated with pathways such as linoleic acid metabolism and cholinergic synapse. These findings may explain the potential mechanism of KXS in treating AD.
Key words: Alzheimer’s disease; kaixinsan; network pharmacology; metabolomics; molecular docking
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2025, 34(5): 426-441）