Abstract: With the rapid advancement of non-invasive techniques for modulating brain lymphatic function, their critical role in treating neurodegenerative diseases has garnered significant attention. The regulation of the brain lymphatic system, a central pathway for waste clearance in the central nervous system, remains a key research focus in neuroscience. The anatomical complexity of this system such as the interplay between meningeal lymphatic vessels and glymphatic pathways, leads to varied responses under different regulatory technologies. This review aims to summarize recent progress in non-invasive modulation of brain lymphatics, elucidate underlying mechanisms, evaluate clinical applications, and discuss current protective measures along with future research directions. Clarifying the biological effects and mechanisms of lymphatic regulation will help optimize neural repair strategies and establish efficient safety protocols. Specific objectives include: analyzing the physiological basis and target mechanisms of the glymphatic system; assessing optimized approaches using multi-sensory stimulation, low-intensity focused ultrasound (LIFU), and transcranial photobiomodulation (tPBM) to enhance metabolic waste clearance; evaluating their therapeutic potential in neurodegenerative disease; examining safety standards and protective measures such as energy parameter thresholds and tissue thermal effects; and proposing innovative directions including multi-modal regulation and closed-loop feedback systems. This review provides a theoretical foundation for developing safe and precise targeted interventions for brain lymphatic function.
Key words: brain lymphatic; photobiomodulation; multi-sensory stimulation; brain clearance; neurodegenerative diseases
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2026, 35(2): 141-148）