摘 要：激光生物调控技术作为一种非侵入的干预手段，可以通过不同的调控机制实现对细胞或生物特定分子过程和功能在离体和在体水平的操控。本文分析了细胞内源性光敏分子的光吸收特性，阐述了由线性吸收主导的光热效应、光化学效应，以及由高光子密度驱动的多光子激发与弱电离刺激等激光与组织相互作用的主要物理机制，讨论了激光直接与细胞中不同分子特异性相互作用的可能。由此推导出低强度激光治疗和飞秒激光特异性调控技术的调控机制、应用场景以及技术特色和限制。本文进一步分析了光遗传学调控技术和光解笼锁技术的生物调控策略、技术优势和限制，并将这四种技术进行了详细比较。最后，针对目前存在的组织散射导致的穿透深度限制、分子特异性缺失及生物兼容性等挑战，具体阐述了其原因与潜在解决途径。

关键词：激光调控；光生物调节作用；光遗传学；光解笼锁；飞秒激光
中图分类号：Q631                      文献标志码：A             DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2026.02.001

Abstract: As a non-invasive method, laser biological modulation technology can manipulate specific molecular processes and functions of cells or organisms at both in vitro and in vivo levels through different mechanisms. This review analyzes the light absorption spectrum of distinct intracellular endogenous photosensitive molecules, elaborates on the main physical mechanisms of laser-tissue interaction, including the photothermal effect and photochemical effect by linear absorption, as well as the multiphoton excitation and weak ionization effect driven by high photon density. This review discusses the possibility of direct specific interactions between laser and different molecules in cells. Based on this, the regulatory mechanisms, applications, technical characteristics and limitations of low-level laser therapy and femtosecond-laser specific modulation technology are derived. This paper further analyzes the biological modulation strategies, technical advantages and limitations of optogenetics and optical uncaging technology, and conducts a detailed comparison of these four technologies. Finally, aiming at the current challenges such as penetration depth limitations caused by tissue scattering, lack of molecular specificity and poor biocompatibility, the causes and potential solutions are specifically elaborated.
Key words: laser modulation; photobiomodulation; optogenetics; photo-uncaging; femtosecond laser
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2026, 35(2): 097-110）