摘　要：水污染是当今世界面临的严峻环境问题之一，影响人们的生活质量和经济的可持续发展。利用微生物的降解能力以及与之相应的生物修复技术是去除环境污染物以及修复水环境的重要手段。但是，由于水污染环境的复杂现状，传统微生物学治理方法受到了限制。运用合成生物学“设计-构建-测试-学习”的理念，对目标微生物底盘进行从头设计、改造，从而获得对污染物具有高效、广谱降解能力的合成微生物，不仅可满足现在复杂污水环境的治理要求，还能实现绿色、高效的循环治理，是未来合成生物学的发展应用方向之一。本文简要介绍了水污染的现状、常用的治理技术以及当今合成微生物在水污染治理中的应用，重点介绍了合成微生物底盘的种类以及通过底盘改造构建的合成微生物在水污染治理中的优势，以期通过合成生物学手段不断完善和优化污染物降解和水污染治理技术，为实现水环境污染的高效治理提供参考。
关键词：合成微生物；底盘细胞；水污染；生物修复技术；环境治理
中图分类号：X52                           文献标志码：ADOI：10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2024.05.004

Abstract: Water pollution is one of the most serious environment problems that affect people′s life quality and sustainable economic development worldwide. The degradation capability of microorganisms endows them advantages in environmental pollutants elimination and water environments repairment, with the utilization of diverse bioremediation technologies. However, due to the complex situation of water pollution environment, traditional microbiological treatment methodology is restricted and limited. With the engineering principle Design-Build-Test-Learn in synthetic biology, the designed and modified synthetic microorganisms with efficient and broad-spectrum degradation ability for pollutants has attracted the researchers′ attention. The synthetic microorganisms could not only meet the wastewater treatment requirements within complex pollutants, but also could achieve the green, efficient circular treatment goal. Therefore, design and construction of synthetic microorganisms for water pollution control has becoming one of the future development and application direction of synthetic biology. Herein, we introduced the current situation of water pollution, the treatment technologies classically utilized, and the synthetic microorganisms′ application in water pollution control. This review focuses on different types of microbial chassis in synthetic biology and the merits of application of synthetic microorganisms in water pollution control. This review will facilitate the performance optimization of pollutant degradation and wastewater treatment via synthetic biology and provide reference for the efficient treatment of wastewater environment.
Key words: synthetic microorganisms; microbial chassis; water pollution; bioremediation technology; environmental governance
（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2024, 33(5): 418-431）