摘　要：冠状病毒（CoV）属于套式病毒目冠状病毒科，为有包膜的单股正链RNA病毒，基因组约27～32 kb。近年来，冠状病毒对人类的生命健康造成了巨大的威胁，如2002年出现的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒（SARS-CoV）以及2012年出现的中东呼吸系统综合征冠状病毒（MERS-CoV），特别是2019年出现并流行至今的严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒2（SARS-CoV-2），其在全世界范围内暴发，严重危害了人类健康和社会秩序，引发了人们的高度关注。迄今为止，SARS-CoV-2已经演化出了多个变体，且仍处于不断变异中。目前流行株型以Omicron为主，同时伴有其他多个变异型。当前我国新冠疫情防控已进入“乙类乙管”常态化防控阶段，SARS-CoV-2依然是未来一段时间内重要的公共卫生问题之一。本综述总结了SARS-CoV-2 Omicron主要株型的关键突变以及其与病毒传染致病、免疫逃逸等特性的关系，为了解SARS-CoV-2演化传播、流行现状等提供了参考。

关键词：SARS-CoV-2；S蛋白；变异；感染致病；免疫逃逸

中图分类号：R181                               文献标志码：A             DOI：10.3969/j.issn.1007-7146.2023.06.002

 

Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoV) are enveloped viruses that possess a positive-sense single-stranded RNA genome 27～32 kb in length, belonging to the Coronaviridae family, the Nidovirales order. In recent years, coronaviruses have posed a great threat to human life and health. For example, in 2002 and 2012, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) emerged and caused panic, respectiverly. In particular, a novel coronavirus designated as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in 2019, has been epidemic so far worldwidely, seriously endangering human health and social order and arousing attention. So far, SARS-CoV-2 has evolved several variants. At present, the epidemic types are mainly Omicron family strains, and accompanying other variant strains. Meanwhile, SARS-CoV-2 is still in constant variation. Nowadays, the epidemic situation prevention and control of our country has entered the stage of “category B disease” with normalization prevention and control, whereas SARS-CoV-2 will still be an important public health issue in the future. In this review, the key mutations of various major strains of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron and their relationship with virus infectivity, pathogenicity, immune escape ability, and other characteristics were summarized, which can provide reference for the systematic understanding of SARS-CoV-2 evolution, transmission, and epidemic status.

Key words: SARS-CoV-2; S protein; variation; infection and disease; immune escape 

（Acta Laser Biology Sinica, 2023, 32(6): 492-501）